Jupyter, formally known as the Jupyter Project, is a non-profit organization that creates open-source interactive computing software. It was founded in 2014 by Colombian physicist and software developer Fernando Pérez, as a language-agnostic version of the IPython (interactive Python) project. Jupyter provides tools for mathematicians, scientists, students, data analysts, and computing professionals to write code interactively, view real time results, and publish results on the web.

Jupyter Notebook

Jupyter Notebook is an interactive computing environment and Python web server, providing a browser-based UI (user interface) for Jupyter users. Jupyter Notebooks are an ordered list of input/output cells, each providing a REPL (read-eval-print loopread-eval-print loop) for writing code and a window to show output in real time.

  • Jupyter Notebook
  • Jupyter kernels
  • JupyterHub
  • Cloud services
  • Notable businesses that use Jupyter.
  • Related information.

The picture is an example of a Jupyter Notebook interface, displaying a Python program that uses Pythreejs (a Python interface for Threejs, a JavaScript 3-D graphics library). The 3-D objects in the output window update immediately when changes to the code are saved.

In addition to code, Jupyter Notebooks may contain text (written in the Markdown format), and rich media, such as audio and video. The Jupyter Notebooks are stored internally as JSON files, and have the file extension .ipynb.

A next-generation UI for Jupyter Notebooks, called JupyterLab, is currently in development, with a stable version released in 2018.

Jupyter kernels

Jupyter kernels are modular kernels that interpret the code in Jupyter Notebooks. As of May 2019, over 100 kernels are available or in active development, each supporting one specific programming language, with a handful of exceptions. Languages with Jupyter kernels include Python, R, Julia, Haskell, Ruby, Fortran, Perl, Go, Scala, Erlang, Elixir, OCaml, PHP, Octave, MATLAB, C, Racket, Scheme, Bash, and PowerShell.

Jupyter kernels use ZeroMQ, an asynchronous messaging library, to interface with Juypter Notebook components concurrently, enabling high scalability and non-blocking I/O.

JupyterHub

JupyterHub is a multi-user service for Jupyter Notebooks, providing collaboration tools and the ability to allow multiple Jupyter Notebooks to interact with one another.

Cloud services

Organizations that don’t want to administer a JupyterHub can host their Jupyter Notebooks in the cloud. Cloud services that support Jupyter include:

Jupyter Notebooks can also be hosted and rendered on GitHub.

Notable businesses that use Jupyter

Netflix uses Jupyter internally to track and analyze global data usage in real-time, and employs a dedicated staff of Jupyter engineers.

Collaboration, Computing, Data analytics, Programming terms

  • Beyond Interactive: Notebook Innovation at Netflix.